WOMEN's AND TOBACCO---REFERENCE-2

• thetruth.com    - American Legacy Foundation tobacco education campaign covers cigarettes, smoking, other tobacco products. "The truth about how the cigarette industry operates".
• Tobacco BBS    - Cigarettes, tobacco, and smoking-related news and issues, addresses, tobacco history, information on quitting, and a quote of the day section.
• Addicted to Nicotine: A National Research Forum - Includes presentation summaries of papers presented at the conference held in 2001 at the (US) National Institutes of Health. Topics include nicotine delivery systems, pharmacology, individual and environmental risk factors, the psychobiology of addition, and treatment of nicotine dependence.
• Ammonia Added to Cigarettes Can Significantly Boost Availability of Nicotine - Independent research confirms that ammonia added to cigarettes can boost the availability of nicotine up to 100 times.
• Cancer Facts and Figures - Concise summary from the American Cancer Society of tobacco use, cigarettes, trends in smoking, profiling smokers, costs of tobacco, nicotine addiction, secondhand smoke, spit tobacco, and industrial hazards.
• CDC's TIPS: Tobacco Information and Prevention Source - Maintained by the CDC's Office on Smoking and Health. Covers tobacco-related issues, statistics, news, research, data, reports, quitting tips, educational materials, publications, . Also sections dedicated to youth.
• A Collection of Articles on Nicotine Addiction - Articles about research studies funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
• eMedicine - Nicotine Addiction - Medical facts on the physiology of nicotine addiction, and the effect tobacco products have on the brain, lungs, and other vital organs, and a treatment options section.
• Good Health -- Healthy Lifestyle - This site is dedicated to convincing people to live a healthy lifestyle, to improve their quality of life, and avoid (or reduce the severity of) chronic disease.
• 'Impact Booster': Tobacco Firm Shows How Ammonia Spurs Delivery of Nicotine - 1996 Pulitzer prize-winning reporting on how the tobacco industry uses ammonia to engineer cigarettes for addiction.
• Infofax - Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products - NIH short summary of nicotine effects.
• Low Tar Exposed - Site explains why "low tar", "light" and "mild" cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
• M. D. Anderson Cancer Center - Tobacco & Cancer - University of Texas medical center factsheets on effects of smoking and tobacco, and tips and support for quitting. One-third of M. D. Anderson patients have tobacco-related cancers.
• Nicotine Addiction - Concise factsheet.
• Nicotine Addiction in Britain - Complete online book by the Royal College of Physicians; covers physical. pharmacological, and psychological effects; addiction; the smoker's career; regulation of intake; treatment; regulatory approaches; recommendations.
• Nicotine Addiction in Britain - Includes report produced by the Royal College of Physicians. "Nicotine addiction is one of the major reasons why people continue to smoke cigarettes, and cigarettes are in reality extremely effective and closely controlled nicotine delivery devices".
• Nicotine and Addiction - ASH-UK factsheet on nicotine, its properties, difficulty in quitting, measures of dependence, withdrawal systems, genetic influence, and tobacco industry recognition of the its importance. [PDF]
• Nicotine and the Tobacco Industry - Science Week article focuses on 3 decades of tobacco industry efforts to engineer cigarettes for addiction.
• Nicotine Junkies - Information on kids and smoking, facts about smoking and addiction.
• Quit Victoria - "Tobacco smoking is the single most important cause of ill health and premature death in Australia." Not just quitting information -- health questions answered; effects of cigarettes; quit evaluation studies; information in languages other than English; smokefree workplaces and dining.
• Reducing the Addictiveness of Cigarettes - Can cigarettes be made less addictive? Scientific paper examines the question.
• Report of the UK Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health - Report covers the scientific evidence on active smoking, passive smoking, nicotine addiction, price and marketing of cigarettes and other tobacco products, cessation, key conclusions.
• Research Report: Nicotine Addiction - Information from the National Institute on Drug Abuse about nicotine, addiction, the extent and impact of tobacco use, how nicotine delivers its effect, consequences of continued use, treatments, and gender differences.
• Smoking And Tobacco Factsheets - From the Missouri Health Department, a large set of factsheets on cigarettes, tobacco advertising, health effects, and secondhand smoke.
• Smoking Is Ugly - Created and sustained by Christy Turlington, an online resource guide, providing information and links to numerous lung cancer and smoking-cessation related websites. SmokingIsUgly.com is part of Turlington's campaign to raise awareness about the effects of smoking, smoking related diseases and lung cancer.
• TCSG - Tobacco and The Elderly - Papers and factsheets on: tobacco and minorities, state tobacco settlement funds, tobacco and older persons.
• Tobacco Advertising and Document Collections - Growing set of resources presenting and organizing tobacco industry documents; shows what the industry says in private about youth, advertising, promotions; features a poster on the history of youth cigarette brands.
• Tobacco Control Online - A quarterly scientific journal covering all aspects of tobacco use prevention and control.
• Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues - A complete, online, book, with all citations to the literature. Covers cigarettes, other tobacco products; statistics and trends; health effects; smoking in the workplace and public places; public policy; addiction; quitting; anti-smoking campaigns; and the tobacco industry.
• Tobacco Industry Hall of Shame - List of stars and performers killed by tobacco.
• The Tobacco Reference Guide - Online book provides quotes, summaries, and factsheets about hazards of smoking.
• TobaccoFree - Offers smoking cessation tips, research results, and tips for staying smoke free.
• WHO: The Tobacco Atlas - History of tobacco, types of use, male and female smoking, youth, cigarette consumption, health effects, secondhand smoke, deaths, costs; the trade, the industry, smuggling, tobacco promotion and marketing, Internet sales, politics; activism, research, tobacco control, policy initiatives; quitting, litigation, pricing, and futures.
• WHO Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) - A WHO cabinet project created to focus international attention, resources and action on global tobacco use and problems caused by that use.
• WhyQuit - Cold Turkey Quitting - A support group and education forum dedicated exclusively to the science and art of successful abrupt nicotine cessation.
• "Crack" Nicotine in Cigarettes Varies Widely - New research measures amount of free-base nicotine in "the modern cigarette, a highly engineered nicotine delivery device". (July 28, 2003)
• OncoLink: The Control and Manipulation of Nicotine and Cigarettes - 1994 news article. Kessler report on how the tobacco industry controls and manipulates nicotine in its product. (June 21, 1994)
• ABC DayOne: Smoke Screen - Now-famous segment on nicotine manipulation in cigarettes. (February 28, 1994)

WOMEN's AND TOBACCO---REFERENCE

• ACSH: Tobacco and Women's Health: A Survey of Popular Women's Magazines, August 1999-August 2000 - Follow-up to earlier ACSH research finds women's magazines still give little or no coverage to lung cancer or other health effects of smoking, and still take plenty of cigarette ads, and still dispense plenty of other health advice.
• Background on Women & Girls and Tobacco - Campaign For Tobacco-Free Kids backgrounder covers cigarette promotions targeting women and girls. [PDF]
• Background on Women and Girls and Tobacco - Pamphlet from the Partnership for Smoking or Health (Missouri health group).
• Catching Our Breath: A Journal About Change for Women who Smoke - Written by women for women; explores some of the problems women must overcome to quit smoking, or to reduce the amount they smoke. Also explores why women smoke as well as ways to cope and relax without smoking.
• Cigarette Ads Targetting Women - A collection of cigarette ads targetting women, from a gallery of cigarette ads.
• Cigarette Advertising and Magazine Coverage of the Hazards of Smoking: A Statistical Analysis - Research concludes that "cigarette advertising in magazines is associated with diminished coverage of the hazards of smoking. This is particularly true for magazines directed to women."
• Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy - New evidence that cigarette smoking during pregnancy can cause attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior disorders and lower math and reading scores in children.
• Cigarettes Linked to Breast Cancer - Summary of recent research.
• Cigarettes More Dangerous to Women - According to recent research.
• Creating a Global Tobacco Culture Among Women - Book chapter explores tobacco industry promotion worldwide targeting women.
• Facts on Women and Tobacco - Fact sheet from the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
• Independence From Smoking - National Women's Health Information Center provides information and resources to empower women and girls, and the people they love, to gain independence from smoking.
• International Network of Women against Tobacco (INWAT) - Founded in 1990 by women tobacco control leaders to address the complex issues of tobacco use among women and young girls.
• June Russell's Health Facts: Smoking - Women - Factsheet on tobacco products and their effects on women, children, and families.
• Ladies Home Journal on Smoking - Smoking quiz, quitting tips, and dealing with withdrawal symptoms.
• The Marketing of Cigarettes to Women - Academic article documents trends and effects of tobacco industry marketing to women.
• Our Health vs. Their Profits: the Lure of Smoking Continues for Girls - Essay from editors of Our Bodies, Ourselves reflects on the progress not made when it comes to women, girls, and smoking.
• Philip Morris: National Expert on Women - Once-secret memo, the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll Public Relations Plan, documents a PR campaign that Philip Morris ran to position itself as the "most authoritative chronicler of women's issues".
• Pregnancy and smoking: a lethal combination - Information on how much harm tobacco products cause during and after pregnancy.
• Review - The Female Smoker: From Addiction to Recovery. - Book review.
• Rite Aid Is Taking A Stand - Photo essay takes a hard look at Rite Aid's claim that it's taking a stand against heart disease in women.
• Secondhand Smoke Causes Women Decreased Lung Function - Secondhand smoke causes decreased lung function in women, especially women with asthma, according to a recent study.
• Smoking: A Guide for Teens - Center for Young Women's Health in Boston provides short factsheet aimed at teen women.
• Smoking and Women: The Next Wave of the Global Epidemic - World Health Organization fact sheet.
• Smoking: Effects on Mothers and Babies in West Virginia - Matched Birth and Death Certificate data tell a grim tale, and a short discussion gives the story behind the data.
• Smoking is a Women's Issue - Report from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids covers harm to women from tobacco products, promotion to women and girls by the tobacco industry.
• Smoking Is Ugly - Created Christy Turlington to raise awareness about the effects of smoking, smoking related diseases and lung cancer. "More women died of lung cancer in 2002 than of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer combined" Facts and quitting info.
• Smoking-Related Deaths On The Rise Among American, French Women - Smoking-related illnesses and deaths among American and French women have risen sharply in recent years, despite vigorous anti-smoking campaigns on a global scale, says a Penn State researcher.
• Tobacco Advertising and Women: Virginia Slims Advertising - You've come a long way baby. A collection of Virginia Slims ads shows how cigarettes were pushed in the 70's.
• Tobacco and Women's Health - Book review of book of same title.
• Tobacco as a Problem for Women - Collection of articles on tobacco impacts on women.
• Tobacco Companies Exploit Women, says WHO - Tobacco companies are exploiting women's struggle for equal rights by creating the impression that tobacco makes women more confident, more sexually attractive, and more in control of their own destiny, says a World Health Organization report.
• The Tobacco Reference Guide: Pregnancy and Fertility - Factsheets on tobacco and congenital anomalies, fertility and menopause, general effects, miscarriage, and low birth weight.
• The Tobacco Reference Guide: Women and Smoking - Current and historical trends documented from a book on tobacco.
• U.S. Tobacco Makers Targetted Women Since '20s - ABC News article provides a quick summary of the long history.
• Virginia SLAM! - Brief biography of Leslie Nuchow who began a counter movement against the Virginia Slims record label, Woman Thing Music.
• 16. Women and smoking - Chapter in a book on smoking in Australia.
• Women and Smoking - American Legacy Foundation tobacco education campaign features real women battling very real tobacco-related illnesses light emphysema, lung cancer, and throat cancer, and highlights their real parting letters to their family and loved ones.
• Women and Smoking - Discusses effects of smoking on women and the steps to smoking cessation.
• Women and Tobacco - WHO report. Women as the tobacco industry sees them; health effects of tobacco specific to women; women's brands and 'light' cigarettes.
• Women, Girls and Tobacco: The Global Facts and the Challenge - Short paper on women and tobacco; tobacco promotion to women and girls; global impact of tobacco on women; recommendations for action.
• Women's Health Project: Tobacco Advertising and Women - NOW Foundation fact sheet.
• Women's Magazines Cover Up Health Risks - Congressional testimony on why women's magazines, while reporting widely on health topics, have a near complete lack of coverage on smoking.
• "You've Gone the Wrong Way, Baby" - Women's smoking, targetting of women in tobacco marketing, and resulting cancer rates, with a focus on Canada.
• Women More Vulnerable To Tobacco Carcinogens, New Results Show - Women may be more vulnerable than men to the cancer-causing effects of smkoing tobacco, according to new results. (, 2009)
• Women More Vulnerable To Cigarette Harm - Twin studies reveal that women are more susceptible to lung disease caused by tobacco product. (March 5, 2009)
• Christy Turlington: Not Just A Cover Model- A Role Model - Turlington writes about her own story of tobacco addiction and losing a loved one to lung cancer.(May 14, 2001)
• This Kills Women: Do Feminist Groups Even Care? - Washington Post article examines why women's groups say little about the leading cause of preventable death among women; one factor covered is tobacco industry money accepted by women's groups. (April 11, 2001)
• The New Face of Tobacco: Women - Znet article surveys tobacco industry marketing to women in the US and worldwide. (February 14, 2001)
• You're Going Too Far, Baby: Cigarette Makers Woo Women in the Developing World - Village Voice article. Tobacco industry developed its "smoking = liberation" message for women in the U.S. in the 1970's; now it's exporting that message to promote tobacco to women globally. (August 15, 2000)
• OnHealth: Smokeless Tobacco Increases Breast Cancer Risk - Spit tobacco increases a woman's risk of breast cancer. (May 9, 2000)
• Why Cigarettes Can be a Woman's Worst Enemy - Smoking increases your risk of cervical and rectal cancer; worsens your period; damages your fertility; hurts your unborn baby; ages you; attacks your heart. (November 8, 1999)
• You've Come a Long Way...or Have You? - From the American Council on Science and Health a survey of 13 magazines over two years shows that women's magazines still downplaying health effects of smoking. The ratio of cigarette ads to articles on smoking is actually increasing. (March, 1999)

WOMEN AND SMOKING-6

WOMEN AND SMOKING

An epidemic of smoking-related cancer 

and disease in women

When calling attention to public health problems, we must not misuse the word "epidemic." But there is no better word to describe the 600-percent increase since 1950 in women's death rates for lung cancer, a disease primarily caused by cigarette smoking. Clearly, smoking-related disease among women is a full-blown epidemic. --
David Satcher, MD, PhD 

Smoking is the most preventable cause of early death in this country. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smoking-related diseases causes the deaths of about 178,000 women in the U.S. each year. On average, these women died 14.5 years earlier because they smoked. 

The most recent CDC survey (from 2008) showed that more than 1 in 6 American women aged 18 years or older (18.3%) smoked cigarettes. The highest rates were seen among American-Indian and Alaska-Native women (22.4%), followed by white (20.6%), African-American (17.8%), Hispanic (10.7%), and Asian women (4.7%). The less education a woman has, the more likely it is she will smoke. For instance, women with less than a high school education are more than twice as likely to smoke as college graduates. 

Overall, women are less likely to smoke than men. But it has been found that smoking is more popular among younger than older women. This is an alarming trend that will affect the future health of these young women. About 21% of women ages 25 to 44 smoke; only about 8% of women 65 and over do. If these younger women continue to smoke as they get older, they will have more smoking-related illness and disability. Smoking rates are slightly lower among women aged 18 to 24, about 19%.



Women who smoke nearly always begin as teenagers -- usually before high school graduation. And the younger a girl is when she starts, the more heavily she is likely to use tobacco as an adult. Teenage girls are just as likely to smoke as boys. The most recent CDC surveys showed that 19% of female high school students and 6% of middle school girls had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days. More than 9% of 12th grade girls reported that they had smoked at least one cigar in the past month. Nearly 29% of the senior girls had used some form of tobacco in the past month.